Although chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis are natural processes of endochondral ossification, it will accelerate the progress of osteoarthritis (OA) when cartilage is damaged ( Rim et al., 2020). Finally, with the cartilage matrix partially calcified, chondrocytes are gradually replaced by osteoblasts after apoptosis and endochondral ossification is performed. Then these chondroprogenitor cells become chondrocytes that undergo a series of differentiation processes and develop into hypertrophic chondrocytes ( Figure 1). First, aggregated BMSCs are capable of differentiating into chondroprogenitor cells. The ECM network is responsible for absorbing mechanical stress of articular cartilage, promoting chondrocyte adhesion and regulating intracellular signal transduction.Ĭhondrocytes originate from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The major ECM components, collagen II and aggrecan (ACAN), are classic markers of chondrocytic phenotype ( Chijimatsu and Saito, 2019). They further embed themselves in ECM to form cartilage ( Jiang and Tuan, 2014). Chondrocytes are the only cell type (accounting for 1%) in cartilage tissue and secrete growth factors and enzymes to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. It plays a load-bearing, buffering, and protecting role in joint movement ( Carballo et al., 2017). ![]() It has potential significance for guiding the treatment of cartilage injury.Īrticular cartilage is a dense connective tissue without nerves, blood vessels, and lymph. Especially, we described the correlation between chondrocyte-specific regulatory factors and cell signaling molecules. In this review, we summarized a variety of signaling molecules related to chondrocytes function. It is a very complicated process that has not been elucidated in detail. Cartilage homeostasis involves the regulation of multiple growth factors and the transduction of cellular signals. Repair of cartilage injury is mainly achieved by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. It is difficult to self-recover once cartilage is damaged due to the lack of blood vessels, lymph, and nerve tissues. 5School of Computer, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, ChinaĬartilage is a kind of connective tissue that buffers pressure and is essential to protect joint movement. ![]() 4Center for Bionic Sensing and Intelligence, Institute of Bio-medical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.3Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China.2The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.Hui Chen 1,2,3† Xiao-Ning Tan 1,2† Shi Hu 3,4 Ren-Qin Liu 1,2,3 Li-Hong Peng 5 Yong-Min Li 1,2* Ping Wu 1,2,3*
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